The carbon footprint of plastics piping systems is considerably lower than many of the traditional, non-plastic piping products as can be seen from the above points. To that end, a comprehensive study undertaken on behalf of Plastics Europe (formerly Association of Plastics Manufacturers, illustrates that the responsible substitution of plastic piping systems for more traditional non-plastics piping products in Western Europe alone could save the energy equivalent of 22.4 million tons of crude oil and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 97 million tons. (7) In a life cycle analysis conducted by Franklin Associates on drainage alternatives, the global warming potential for corrugated HDPE pipe was found to be 59% lower that that of reinforced concrete pipe. (8)